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Early Childhood Psychosocial Development Essay - 1307 Words

Introduction Developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human throughout the life span. The development starts from infant until old age. Childhood is a time of tremendous change, but people also continue to grow slowly and develop during adulthood. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence. These developmental changes may be influenced by genetic factor, environment factor and maturation factor. There are three types of human development changes: physical development, cognitive development and psychosocial development. Our group member’s choice is psychosocial development in early childhood. Early childhood is the children that range at the aged 3 to 5 years. Erik Erikson’s theory of†¦show more content†¦He came up with a new theory called psychosocial theory. This theory is focusing on personality development. He proposes a life-span model of human development which includes eight successive psychosocial stages. Each stage associate with conflict or crisis that the individual must encounter and successfully resolve (Justin T.Sokol, 2009). For example, the first stage: trust vs. mistrust. The first stage of Erikson’s theory occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. In this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world. They start to questioning many thing like is that guys a good guys? They develop mist rust which is good because they will be more aware of the environment. That’s why when a children is given to someone they didn’t know, they will start crying because they have develop mistrust with stranger. This picture is taken from the reality show that I watch recently. The babies who trust the father start crying because his father feed him something that he doesn’t like. The baby will develop mistrust whenever his father wants to feed him after this. He will be more careful and picky because he develops mistrust whenever his father wants to feed him. Early childhood at the age of three to five, Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory stage 3 is initiative vs. guilt.Show MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity and Its Effect1260 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is considered to be a serious issue among our youth. Obesity can cause many types of physical problems, which most are aware of, but it can also cause some undesirable internal feelings within childre n and adolescents who suffer from it. Self-esteem, or self-worth, is important as it helps develop personality and is a major ingredient to our mental health status (Wang, F. and Veugelers, P. J., 2008). Some have said obesity may even have a negative effect on cognitive developmentRead MoreEarly Puberty And Childhood Social And Behavioral Adjustment1337 Words   |  6 PagesMy research focuses primarily on Early Puberty and Childhood Social and Behavioral Adjustment. Early puberty has been connected to increased rates of mental health problems in adolescence. However, despite previous studies starting after the initiation of puberty being unable to explore whether early puberty is leading to higher rates of these problems. Puberty marks a changeover in mental health, with the differences in predominance rate and sex ratios of mental and behavioral disorders after theRead MoreErik Erikson s Explanation Of Psychosocial Development1504 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson s explanation of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. The term psychosocial development is the pattern of change in emotions, personality and social relationship (â€Å"A Child’s World† 10). Erikson believed that the achievements and failures of earlier stages influence later stages, whereas later stages change and transform earlier ones. His theory shows the impact on social relationships throughout one’s entire life. Each individualRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Social Involvement Across The Entire Lifespan Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesDuring our lives, everyone goes through a change and evolves in different ways. However, in the field of psychology as far as devel opment, the process of growing and maturing has been previously linked only with childhood. One of the first theorists Erik Erickson felt that development continues throughout life. Erickson believes that each stage in life resembles to specific opportunities that the society might have. Erickson’s theory defines the impact of social involvement across the entire lifespanRead MoreChildhood Development : Child And Adolescent Psychology1265 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent Psychology Early Childhood Development Unit 9 Assignment Kenneth Peter Smith PS220 December 18, 2014 Professor Linda Smith So what goes on during Early Childhood - ages 3 to 6. Development is very crucial in every aspect of childhood but why is it important during early childhood? What goes on during this time frame in a child’s life that’s going to dictate every aspect of the child’s life for now and evermore? Is this stage of a child’s development even important to theRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagesmany methods for studying human social development. In Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory, social interactions are an important and determining factor of lifespan development. Although Erikson was influenced by many of Sigmund Freud’s studies, his studies were based upon psychosocial development versus psychosexual development. Erikson, like Freud, emphasized the importance of childhood on personality development, but unlike Freud, he believed that development occurred across the entire lifespan. Read MoreUnderstanding and Developing Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pageslife. Human development occurs at different stages, throughout the life span. A child will experience many milestones from birth to toddlerhood, throughout early and middle childhood, and several theories for these milestones. Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, an d Erik Erikson classify their different theories of the stages of life in three unique domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial/emotional. Infancy/Toddlerhood (0-3) and Domain Physical The physical domain of lifespan development is continuallyRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Theory : Development Of Ego Identity1293 Words   |  6 PagesZoi Arvanitidis 05/16/17 ECEE-310 Dr.Alkins Studying Erikson’s Psychosocial theory Erik Erikson was a student of another theorist, Sigmund Freud. Erikson expanded on Freud’s psychosexual theory. Erikson later developed the psychosocial theory. This theory described the effect of one’s social experiences throughout one’s whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we developRead MoreTechnology Play: Advantages and Disadvantages for Development and Learning1724 Words   |  7 Pagesup in a technology environment. It is within this environment that traditional concepts of play are being influenced. Early childhood settings reflect children’s environments therefore the introduction of technology would be a natural consequence. Play is central to children’s development and learning, consequently technology play is influential. To benefit children’s development and learning, technology play has to be inclu sive and developmentally appropriate with attention to technology placementRead MoreAnalysis Of Inside Out1238 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper explores the development of Riley Andersen, the 11-year old protagonist in the Walt Disney Studios film Inside Out. When Riley is forced to move to San Francisco with her family, viewers witness her struggle to work though her developmental tasks and her psychosocial crisis. Although she had once been successful in her stages of development, her transition to a new home and a new school negatively impacts her emotions and causes a regression in her developmental tasks. With

Extremist Group Essay Free Essays

Makenssey Brinkman Mr. Feudo English 1 Pre-AP – 6th 22 April 2010 The Dangers of The Extremes Extremist groups go above and beyond to get what they want. They go to extreme measures, even disregarding people’s safety and turning groups against each other to reach their goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Extremist Group Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are a great hazard to mankind. Despite the fact that people have the right of free speech and assembly, the banning of Extremist groups will better society because they promote hate and violence and turn people against each other. Topic Sentence 1) Extremist groups shower hate all over the groups of people who oppose them, and they become relentless in their attempt to do so. (Evidence 1) – â€Å"Anti-choicers harassed [George Tiller’s] patients, day in and day out. They bombed his clinic. They shot him once before. They filed lawsuit after lawsuit and even convinced local prosecutors to launch criminal investigations and trials. † (Analysis 1) – The Extremist pro-life group attacked the abortion doctor with hate. By harassing his patients and trying to convince prosecutors to go against him, they set a solid, horrid example for others that do not share the same views as Tiller. These hateful attacks ultimately led to Tiller’s murder by gun at The Reformation Lutheran Church. (Evidence 2) – â€Å"To recruit members and spread its beliefs, the American Front has collaborated with various neo-Nazi and skinhead groups to stage protests and rallies that demonize Jews, blacks, and other minorities. (Analysis 2) – Just to try and get members into the group, the Extremist group staged many protests and minorities put down many minor groups, They promoted hate into the people who listened to and watched them as they did so, and therefore spreading the hate all they could. (Example 3) – â€Å"Anti-Semites and racists have found video-sharing websites, such as YouTube and MySpace Video, an effective means to promote propaganda and hateful material that might not otherwise b e seen by the public. Internet users who search video-sharing sites will often find anti-Semitic and racist videos when looking for information completely unrelated to the videos due to misleading tags and titles that extremists attach to the videos when uploading them to the sites. † (Analysis 3) – Extremist group are using the internet to spread hatred of other groups worldwide. By doing so, it makes it even easier for them to promote the hate and then hide the evidence if their website or video is caught. This must be stopped. Topic Sentence 2) Extremist groups use violence in reaching their goals and emphasizing the point they are trying to make. (Example 1) – â€Å"On June 10, 2009, a white supremist who believed it was â€Å"time to kill the Jews† took his gun to the Holocaust museum in Washington, D. C. , and stated shooting upon entering. † (Analysis 1) – In believing he was doing the right thing, this Extremist tried to make his point by attacking the Holo caust victims museum. By attacking this museum, he made a big stand by basically showing with his violence that he supported what happened in the Holocaust. Example 2) – â€Å"[ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna)] has waged a relentless campaign of violence against the Spanish state, targeting politicians, policemen, judges, and soldiers. In 1980 alone, ETA was blamed for 118 deaths, and in 1995 it nearly succeeded in assassinating Jose Maria Aznar, then leader of the opposition, now Spain’s prime minister. † (Analysis 2) – The Extremist group ETA is taking their beliefs to an extreme extent. By killing and trying to assassinate a respected leader, they are using the violence to try and scare off and weaken their opposition. Example 3) – â€Å"Since 1977, there have been at least 17 attempted murders, 383 death threats, 153 incidents of assault or battery and three kidnappings committed against abortion providers in North America. † (Analysis 3) â⠂¬â€œ These are solid facts that exemplify all of the violence that have taken place from just one Extremist group. The groups cause pain and suffering in North America, and they feel as though using violence is one of the only ways to get their point across. (Topic Sentence 3) – Along with all the hate and violence that these groups reate, Extremist groups try tearing people further apart with their actions and words. (Example 1) – â€Å"The Kach movement was most famous for its platform calling for the removal of the entire Israeli-Arab population from Israel and transferring them â€Å"elsewhere. †Ã¢â‚¬  (Analysis 1) – The Jewish Defense League is another Extremist group that prizes themselves over all people. By trying to kick the Israeli-Arab population out of their homeland so they can take over, they cause horrible tensions between the people. These tensions would almost most certainly lead to more hate and more violence. Example 2) – â₠¬Å"One man from Brockton, Massachusetts – who told police he had learned on white supremacist websites that a genocide was under way against whites – is charged with murdering two black people and planning to kill as many Jews as possible on the day after Obama’s inauguration. † (Analysis 2) – By using the internet as a source to get to people, the Extremist groups have given false information and got what they wanted from it. They scared the man into believing that he was in danger, so he decided to take action and go against the other races. (Example 3) – How to cite Extremist Group Essay, Essay examples

Ethics Sustainability and Stakeholder Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ethics Sustainability and Stakeholder Management. Answer: Introduction: The essay contains the brief overview of the interview of the manager of the firm named The Beechworth Bakery. The manger named William Dunn has been asked questions on the ethical issues and the issues related to the leadership development and the guidance of the manager as a leader in the company. The essay analyses the work plan of the manger of the company and the way he remains motivated and gives motivation to his employees. It also contains the ways the manager tackles the employees and their problems. The manager of the company was asked initially that how did he plan to do his entire workday. According to him, a day sheet maintained his workday, he accordingly planned his work, and he maintained a roster for the same. He came up with an effective plan of how to plan his work for the future two weeks. He plans his work before hand and accordingly works on it (Trevino and Nelson 2016). He exactly knows the work he has to do in the next day. regarding the future plan he had he had a view that he maintained a diary and a planner. The manager on maintaining the organizing his works and the issues that was making things difficult as well easy for the manager to achieve his goals thought that it was difficult for him to achieve goals while they have difficulty when the number of employees are absent. In spite of that, some employees remain present and complete the work willingly. This makes easy for the manager to work. The manger came up with an interesting solution in maintaining the motivation of his staffs and the ways he adopted to motivate them. He thought that it was necessary to motivate the staffs as a leader and not as a boss. He always remains self-motivated by enjoying his job (DuBrin 2015). He further opined that his approach always remains confident and he thinks himself to be at the same level as his employees while motivating them. The manager had smart ways of tackling his staffs and he thought it would help to create a good impression on the employees. The manager thought that according to him a person could lead only if he was good listener of things, he should be able to work as strong support by the side of his staffs, and he must have the capability to convey the people about the things. The manger always acclaimed his managers and CEO to be his leader. The reason for this was that he has received great help from them and was nourished by them (Jones and George 2015). The officials who was on the head of the company also maintained the same idea that the manager had regarding organizing his staffs and employees. The manager got the inspiration of organizing the concepts from his boss and CEO. Hence, from this it can be said that the organizing strategy of the c ompany was structured and organized. As the interview progressed, the manager was asked the way he mentored others. The manger had a concept that he mentored his staffs by being easy to talk to and he thought it was necessary to have the knowledge to answer the quarries of the staffs. The concept of achieving the goals was important to the manager while working with his fellow mangers and the subordinates. The manger had this view that he liked to work as a team and they achieve goals by working as an entire team and not individually. The concept that followed this was that how he dealt with the conflicts that rose in the groups that he worked in. The manger believed that open conversations was always better (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). He would prefer to listen to both the sides and he would finally consider the solution, which will be good for the company. Further, the view of the ethical issues came to the forefront that he faced while playing the role of manger (Weiss 2014). The manager said that some issues were t he availability of staff and he faced problem while approving leaves of the staffs who have not informed about it from before. The arguments related to this were a problem that the manager faced. When asked was it important for him to be aware of the diversity in workplaces, he replied that it was important as the work place had multiple culture and different sexes it was necessary to maintain that. The final concept of organizing things was whether the work place diversity gave the organization a competitive advantage (Steinbauer et al. 2014). Therefore, while concluding this can be stated that the manger had well organized ethical plans to keep the environment positive in the work place. He prioritized his employees and he intends to solve the serious issues of the employees not being a leader but being a normal employee and as team. The motivation process of the manager and the process of solving the issues of the employees are impressive. References Trevino, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., 2016.Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. DuBrin, A.J., 2015.Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Jones, G. and George, J., 2015.Contemporary management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Steinbauer, R., Renn, R.W., Taylor, R.R. and Njoroge, P.K., 2014. Ethical leadership and followers moral judgment: The role of followers perceived accountability and self-leadership.Journal of Business Ethics,120(3), pp.381-392.

Rite Aid Corporation

During the 2010s, Rite Aid Corporation, as one of the leading pharmacy retailers in the USA, suffers from the significant economic pressure and intensified competition within the industry. The observed financial losses of the company support the idea that Rite Aid Corporation needs the revision of the current managerial and economic strategies implemented and followed in the company.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Rite Aid Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, the company has to compete with such giants of the industry as Walgreens Corporation and CVS Caremark Corporation. However, the financial reports provided by Rite Aid Corporation state that the company needs to cope with the debts and to improve the work of run-down stores to change the situation for better and to focus on the effective strategic management (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson). That is why, it is essential to identify the prob lems and challenges experienced by the company which prevent it from concentrating on the competitive advantage and from creating value within the competitive industry, and it is necessary to analyze the alternatives to propose the plan of the further actions. The economic activities and profitability of Rite Aid Corporation are characterized by significant unmanageable debts and underperforming stores which organization and management are not capable to attract the variety of customers typical for the industry. Thus, the economic and financial losses associated with the performance of run-down stores are the main problem of Rite Aid Corporation. The next connected problem is the intensive competition within the industry, which cannot be won until Rite Aid Corporation solves its financial and strategic issues. The associated problems or challenges to influence the development of the company negatively are the shortage of professionals characteristic for the industry in general and t he decrease in number of less expensive generics which can contribute to improving the retailer’s economic situation. The next global problem which influences Rite Aid Corporation directly is the trends to change retailing pharmacy with the other services such as mail-order pharmacies (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the existing alternatives to cope with the problems in relation to the current industry tendencies are the expansion of the services to involve the mail-order pharmacy functions and sales according to the specific Internet-based drug prescription services. Furthermore, it is essential to focus on in-store clinic market as the potential for development. While orienting to the mail-order pharmacy functions, Rite Aid Corporation can provide customers with convenient and cost-saving services. The pros of the alternati ve are in possibilities to refer to the experience of CVS Caremark Corporation. The focus on the Internet-based drug prescription services is advantageous because of expanding the company’s frames, but this shift can be too challenging. The in-store clinic market is competitive because of the presence of Walgreens Corporation, but it provides the space for the expansion. From this point, the proposed actions should be based on orienting to the mail-order pharmacy functions because of the apparent profitability of the sphere, and this action can contribute to overcoming the experienced financial losses. The company can become less dependent on the industry’s development while expanding the frames for competition and providing the mail-order pharmacy services. The decrease in number of less expensive generics can be overcome with changing the pricing policy and avoiding strict financial controls typical for the company’s stores. Furthermore, the problem with the s hortage of professionals can be resolved with references to the company’s optimization and focus on providing the additional mail-order pharmacy services. The discussed actions can have more positive consequences than negative ones because Rite Aid Corporation will rely on the new trends within the industry while expanding the frames also in the company’s strategic management. The fact of adding the mail-order pharmacy functions can require the changes in the strategies, but the overall results are expected to be positive. Works Cited Hitt, Michael, Duane Ireland, and Robert Hoskisson. Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. USA: Thomson South-Western Publishers, 2013. Print.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Rite Aid Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This case study on Rite Aid Corporation was written and submitted by user Kiara Fowler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Romeo And Juliet Vs. The Miracle Worker Essays - Free Essays

Romeo And Juliet Vs. The Miracle Worker Essays - Free Essays Romeo And Juliet Vs. The Miracle Worker Relationship between Romeo and Juliet and Annie and Helen Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play written by William Shakespeare. It is a love story between two rival families, the Montagues and the Capulets. Romeo who is a Montague falls in love with Juliet who happens to be a Capulet. It is love at first sight, but if their parents find out there will be no way that Romeo will ever see Juliet again. The Miracle Worker is another play that we read. It is about a little girl named Helen Keller who is both deaf and blind. Her parents pity her and let her do whatever she wants. They want to be able to communicate with her so they write a doctor in Baltimore for help. The doctor sends Annie Sullivan to help Helen, which is worth it because she finally gets Helen to be polite and talk. Three people from Romeo and Juliet compare to three people in The Miracle Worker. To begin with, the Montagues and the Capulets along with Mr. and Mrs. Keller and Annie are the first similar group of people. Because the two families disliked each other so much, it kept their children from being able to date each other openly. It forced their children to keep secrets from their parents and made it hard to see each other. The parents in The Miracle Worker are pretty much the same. Mr. and Mrs. Keller didnt like the way Annie was handling and taking care of Helen. They almost made Annie quit teaching because of that. Annie made Helen eat with a fork instead of her fingers. When she wouldnt hold the fork Annie forced her to hold it. The Kellers didnt like this and told Annie to let Helen eat however she wanted but Annie wanted Helen to learn the proper way to eat and behave. Annie was very strict and made disciplined Helen well. Next there are two people who were dependable and friendly to Romeo and Juliet and Annie and Helen. For example Friar Laurence knew all about the marriage between Romeo and Juliet because he is the one who married them. He thought that if they got married it would end the feuds between the families. In addition he also came up the plan for Juliet to drink the potion to make it look like she was dead and when Romeo came it would look like he save her so the Capulet family would like him. James, Captain Kellers son by his first marriage was the only one who believed in Annie at first. For instance he was the first to see Annie teach Helen the alphabet and also got the ladder for Annie when Helen locked her in the room. Also James lets Annie take Helen to the pump by telling Mr. Keller to let Annie teach Helen her way and that for once he is wrong and Annie can successfully teach Helen. Finally the last two people that influenced the relationships are the Nurse and Doctor. The Nurse knew about the relationship between Romeo and Juliet and could have told someone but never did. If she told someone of their marriage she could have saved the two kids lives. Even though the nurse tried to get Juliet to like Paris she couldnt get her to because she loved Romeo. The doctor told the Kellers that hes never seen a baby with more vitality, which was untrue. However he tells them it was only acute congestion. After he leaves, Mrs. Keller tries to get Helen's attention, but she cant because Helen cant hear or see. If the doctor had been better he would have noticed she was mute and told them before or try to save her. Although two different authors wrote the plays in two different times they still have qualities that can be compared. They all have plots, climaxes and settings. Shakespeares words and way of writing was more advanced than William Gibsons but they both have good work. Romeo and Juliets ending wasnt happy like Annie and Helens but in the end they both got what they wanted. Romeo and Juliet were finally together and the families

Character Analysis of Romeo

The character analysis of Romeo Rio Mio and Juliet is a story made up of lovers studying two stars who love each other and think that they are willing to sacrifice their lives. Romeo is a very sullen man and his role has grown considerably in the play in various ways. In this article I will focus on the role of Romeo, his intention and ability, and the relationship with other characters in the play. In the dialogue between Benborio and Montague in the first game of the first act, we learned that Romeo was very strange and avoided his friends. Secret. In this sentence, Benvolio explains to L. This article is a literary analysis of the play of Romeo and Juliet. The format is point, proof, and description. The question is, What are the factors and roles that lead to the extinction of Romeo and Juliet? I used Lady and Road Caplet, Juliet Nurse, and Flore Lawrence. There is also a direct reference to the content in the play. This 929 words Shakespeare plays, Romeo and Juliet show a tragic love story to the readers. This is the story of the two young people who fall in love, the people who bind them and the environment. In particular, four characters, Lady and Lord Capulet, Juliet nurse Friar Laurence played an important role in the destruction of the main characters and young lovers Romeo and Juliet. Those personality leads to their desperate behavior and ultimate death through selfishness, betrayal, and authority over young lovers. The literary analysis of similarities between Romeo and Juliet is similar in that there is a common feature between two or more things. Similarities are used to compare similarities. Romeo and Juliet of Shakespearean plays Romeo and Juliet are comparable in their short relationship. They are strangers, but they are gathering through mutual contact. The most obvious similarities between Romeo and Juliet are each other's eternal love.

Nurse education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nurse education - Essay Example Nurses assist advance the most appropriate actions for patient services by cautiously investigating current strategies and giving response to their nurse leader (Needleman & Buerhaus, 2003). In addition, the transformational leadership technique is significantly related with perceived job satisfaction and efficiency. For example, transformational nurse leadership entails staff nurse involvement in performance development initiatives and strategic planning. My clinical experience occurred in labor & delivery or postpartum unit. Hospitals provide training programs, for example, assistant or technician trainings, which frequently incorporate trainee nurses right into the system of that facility. The labor & delivery or postpartum unit provided high danger and usual postpartum care. The unit was made up of ten beds, nine labor rooms, two examination rooms, one operating room, and one observation room. The labor & delivery or postpartum unit delivered almost seventy babies monthly. Most hospitals have websites where an individual may get information regarding nursing job vacancies and their requirements. The labor & delivery or postpartum unit merged caring proficiency with the most novel creative activities and up to date equipment (Kaestner, 2005). Participation also permitted firsthand experience and was an adequate way of learning. The model of care delivery is the synergy model. This model is a structure for creating nursing practice and establishing capabilities that indicate a combination of experience, skills, and knowledge of the nurse. The synergy model employs registered nurses incorporating them in the process of clinical decision making in the facility. There are ten nurses, six females and four males. The central point of view of the synergy model is that the synergy outcomes when the characters and requirements of the clinical unit, patient, or system are matched with the capabilities of a nurse. The problem is in the clinical decision making process. The synergy model provides the nurses with a strategy to make decisions in creating patient responsibilities matching the appropriate nurse with the adequate expertise for patient care. This model reduces work intensity, enhances the work surrounding, assures communication and cooperation between teams, and promotes a culture of learning (Kaestner, 200 5). Intervention   The nurse leader or manager proposes to deal with the issue of staffing shortage of registered nurses on a labor and delivery or postpartum unit in a number of ways. First, the nurse leader proposes the approval of federal standards indicating nurse to patient work load threshold and nurse to patient ratios. Health care providers should be required to offer necessary skill mix and efficient staffing levels to make sure there is an appropriate working environment for nurses and quality service to patients. Second, the nurse manager proposes a legal ban

Terrorism Evolution in Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Terrorism Evolution in Intelligence - Essay Example This evaluation of different US intelligence agencies seemed to be a formidable task for those lawmakers. The lack of motivation to assess the drawbacks of Intelligence departments and organizational framework might highlight the causes of failures of many reforms proposed, which resulted in insignificant and poor changes. The American intelligence units as they stand today need a thorough understanding of past reformation efforts to solve its present confusing state. Those at the helm of the intelligence affairs have drafted several proposals and studies following the Second World War to harmonize the American intelligence system with the changing times. These reports have now been in declassified form and surprisingly they have never been compiled and assiduously applied by the American administration in their true spirit (Best & Boerstling, 1996). The significance of these proposals and studies does not wholly dependent on impacts it produced on the intelligence community. However , a few remarkable studies motivated by a wartime period have produced positive results. On the other hand, many other studies were not as useful (Stimson & Forrestal, 1996). Terrorism Evolution in Intelligence: An Introduction Since the Second World War America got ascendancy in global politics and acquired many world wide tasks to pursue its own interests. Yet the American Congress, the White House and its organizational bodies like Department of Defense were somewhat naive of the American intelligence departments and their operation. There was a lack of coherence amongst different bodies of intelligence regarding the role played by each intelligence departments as well harmony to undertake the various intelligence tasks. The unplanned wartime steps taken by the Roosevelt administration in 1945 needed a drastic and thorough assessment of intelligence bodies to be considered critically. After assuming the US presidency, Harry Truman stated in his address â€Å"that the antiquated defense setup of the United States had to be reorganized quickly† (Best & Boerstling, 1996). Likewise, many American officials highlighted the need of urgent intelligence reforms: ‘Recent developments in the field of new weapons have advanced the question of an efficient intelligence service to a position of importance, vital to the security of the nation in a degree never attained and never contemplated in the past. It is now entirely possible that failure to provide such a system might bring national disaster’ (Harris, 1995). The major issue for the American officials was how to modernize the US intelligence with the contemporary times. The American officials had been divided about the past war time experiences relating with the suitable ways to meet the intelligence needs. Many of their ideas were conflicting and only some officials had clear views and insight to meet those objective needs of American intelligence. Nevertheless, in 1946 the American administrat ion made various critical decisions for American intelligence units after the Second World War. The National Security Act of 1947 set the course of American intelligence for decades to modern pathways. The American admini

Are Leaders Born or Made Essay Example for Free

Are Leaders Born or Made Essay People have debated whether leaders are born or made for centuries. However, I am absolutely convinced that good leaders are made than born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. â€Å"Good leaders can develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training and experience† (Jago, 1982). To inspire workers into higher levels of teamwork, there are certain things a leader must be, know, and, do. These do not come naturally, but are acquired through continual work and study. Good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills; they are NOT resting on their laurels. Definition of Leadership Before we get started, let’s define and understand about leadership. Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes, such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills. In the field of organizational learning, leadership entered the discussion as a proxy for the organization. Initial concepts of leadership in organizational learning were based on the notion of the dominant coalition. Organizational learning theorists had suggested that the senior management team, or dominant coalition, was in fact the organization level of organizational learning. Moreover, leadership has been described as the â€Å"process of social influence in which one person enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. According to Ken â€Å"SKC† Ogbonnia, â€Å"effective leadership is the ability to successfully integrate and maximize available resources within the internal and external environment for the attainment of organizational or society goal. Charismatic Leaders are made but not born. However, there are many well-educated and motivated people who lack of the knowledge to lead others. So they don’t assume leadership positions, or if they do, they don’t do very well in them. Thus, to become a made leader, we need to know about the characteristic of a leader for us to learn and explore from there. Having charisma is an important quality to any successful leader, that’s all highly successful people must develop to maximize their success in leadership roles, as well as use it to gain a great advantage over their competition. Charisma can be explained as an indefinable personal magnetism that helps draw people to you, and makes them want to cooperate and work with you to accomplish your dreams. To increase your own level of charisma, you must first be confidence in your own vision. If you have a clear vision of what you want to accomplish, then you need to focus on setting goal for yourself, and make plan to achieve them without delay. The clearer you are about your purpose, and how you are planning to achieve it, will naturally to attract others to help and support you in any way they can. However, some say charismatic is born but not made. Yes, it’s. But without the born charisma, you can also increase the level of you charisma by talking and interaction with other, certain interactions and rewards increase starting relationships, such as a Celebrity using a Charming Introduction will instantly have a new friend. Charisma skill-building requires friends and relationships to progress. Personality and Physical Build Besides, the personality is also an important element to become a made leader, great leaders must have the ability to project themselves, to communicate with subordinates in order to accomplish a task by teamwork. The dictionary definition of personality is the collection of emotional and behavioural traits that characterize a person. That is, your personality is how you present yourself to the world. It is how others see you. Is that important for leadership effectiveness? I think so. Your public persona is the catalyst for enrolling followers. For example, you might be typically dominant, or perhaps you’re always a friendly person, or even someone who takes very few risks. These examples are personality traits. You may also simply improve your personality by your appearance such as dress up and make up well as the appearance oneself always the first impression they given to other. Aside of personality, physical build is also a trait of characteristic for being a leader, this can be made and improved by one self. For example, the children now are mostly taller and stronger than their parents because of the better knowledegement care. Talent, skills and knowledge Beyond the personal traits of a leader, leadership talent, skills and knowledge someone must master if they want to be a leader. Leadership talent is those innate traits that a person is born with but which they need to work on to develop their potentiality, Leadership skills are learned behaviours that a person practices and hones over time. And leadership knowledge is acquired learning about the methods, strategies, successes and failures of other leaders in business and in different walks of life. The traits include intelligence, creativity, diplomacy, persuasiveness, and organizational ability. The difference of the three is an intrinsic character of the leader and the latter two are learned. And an effective leader combines all three: harnessing mixture of their natural characteristic, their learned replicable behaviors, and their mental data and learning into their own unique way to expressing themselves as a leader. Knowing well of the managerial function Besides, knowing well of the managerial function is also a must for a made leader. From day-to-day operating, they should be able to learn about planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling in order to lead their subordinates in an effective way. Planning refers to anticipate the opportunity, problems and conditions and choosing from among the alternative of future courses or actions. That includes forecasting, programming, scheduling and etc. The organization functions consist of developing the organization, delegating authority and establishing relations. Staffing is about planning the organization with suitable personnel constitutes the staffing function. Direction function involves managing people and work through the means of motivation, proper leadership, effective communication and coordination. Controlling function enables management to ensure the achievement is in accordance with the established plans. Communication skill Moreover, to be a made leader, we should train ourselves to make effective communication thru experience. The communication skill can definitely be improved if you have the desire to do it, a smart leader must always the â€Å"30 seconds message† which transmitting the most important message within the shortest time. Effective communication is more than just being able to speak and write. A leader’s communication must move people to work toward the goal the leader has chosen. Besides that, a leader has to be able to motivate everyone to contribute. Each of us have different â€Å"button†, a great leader should knows how to push to right button on everyone to make them really want to do their best to achieve the leader’s goal. This is definitely not born because leader could press the right buttons on everyone through understanding their personality. Honesty and Integrity, Forward looking, Independence and Innovation. In addition, the characteristic of a leader is also consisted by honesty and integrity, forward looking, independence and innovation. Once should not even be considered to become a leader without having demonstrated the honesty, integrity and trustworthiness to have and maintain a position of public trust. At all levels, individuals with integrity and honesty show moral courage by doing the right thing even when it is not popular or by expressing dissent when actions or pending decisions would violate organizational and/or constitutional values, laws, and regulations. In addition, they confront unethical behavior in others. Furthermore, the honestly and integrity is about following rules and regulation, this is made as we have no choice but have to follow the rules and regulation of the organization. As a great leader, we always need to be forward-looking toward any issue or problem. When people do not consider their leader forward-looking, that leader is usually suffering from one of two possible problems which are the leader doesn’t have a forward-looking vision and the leader is unwilling or scared to share the vision with others. The forward-looking attitude can be influenced by those people who are surrounding us with positive-minded, this can be made but not born. Last but not least, a great leader is also an innovator. Innovation is about making new tools, products and process, bring forth something â€Å"new† which allows human being to accomplish something they were not able to accomplish previously. We can be innovation through study, research, discuss and deliberated from past experience. Leaders must be tough enough to fight, tender enough to cry, human enough to make mistakes, humble enough to admit them, strong enough to absorb the pain, and resilient enough to bounce back and keep on moving. Leaders must be tough enough to fight, tender enough to cry, human enough to make mistakes, humble enough to admit them, strong enough to absorb the pain, and resilient enough to bounce back and keep on moving. Leader is made because a person becomes a leader through life and work experiences, through mentors and personal reflection. Leader takes time to develop and they were made just like anything else, through hard work. If you are given a chance, you practice, you can also be a leader.

Symbols and Symbolism in Edgar Allan Poes The Masque of the Red Death

   "The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal or so hideous. Blood was its Avatar and it seal - the redness and the horror of blood..." - Edgar Allan Poe (Regarding the plague of the Red Death) The plague Edgar Allan Poe spoke of in his short story The Masque of the Red Death was one of complete and utter misery that defaced whomever it struck. While this pestilence was surging throughout the country mentioned in the story, a man by the name of Prince Prospero decided to attempt to cheat death out of its cold and icy grip. He along with a group of the most elite of the time closed themselves in one of the Prince's abbeys to try to wait out the death that lurked everywhere outside the castle walls. Several months after their escape from civilization, Prospero held a masked ball for his friends, when to their utter horror, death made its way in and killed all of the masqueraders. Through this short story, Poe depicts the underlying theme that death is inevitable, and trying to escape it is one of the most futile actions one can do. By reading this piece, the reader gains a lot of insight into the way Poe's mind worked, and the events in his life that inspired him to write in the way that he did. Pieces Poe wrote, such as "The Masque of the Red Death," show the intertwined nature Poe's stories took with his real life situation. The most profound characteristic surrounding "The Masque of the Red Death" is the symbolism Poe incorporates into even the simplest of elements. Symbolism runs rampant throughout the story, and, to the unaware reader, these gems of Poe's character may be overlooked. The peculiar characteristic about the symbolism Poe depicts is that al... ...jority did not understand the amount of suffering that went into each and every word. Works Cited Bloom, Harold, et al. The Tales of Poe. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. Broussard, Louis. The Measure of Poe. University Of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1969. Burduck, Michael. Grim Phantasms: Fear in Poe's Short Fiction. New York: Garland, 1992. Dudley, David. "Dead or Alive: The Booby-Trapped Narrator of Poe's 'Masque of the Red Death.'" Studies in Short Fiction. Newberry College, vol. 30 Spring 1993. 169-174. Halliburton, David. Edgar Allan Poe: A Phenomenological View. Princeton University Press, 2015. Kesterson, David et al. Critics on Poe. Florida: University of Miami Press, 1973. Womack, Martha. "The Masque of the Red Death." Publisher: Christoffer Nilsson, 1997. Web. 4 June 2015. http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/

God Is Love

â€Å"God is Love. † This simple yet complex statement is found only twice1, 2 in the Bible and is commonly presented out of context. It is generally misunderstood and often circulated in a fashion that leads many into Hell. The statement –while very easy to make and accept when presented in its undefined form– has a depth of reality far beyond what the average person wants to know even though such knowledge is critical to salvation. 1. â€Å"Whoever is without love does not know God, for God is love. † [1 John 4:8 ] 2. â€Å"We have come to know and to believe in the love God has for us*.God is love, and whoever remains in love remains in God and God in him. † [1 John 4:16] * This usage of the term â€Å"us† refers only to men of faith. In the following important prelude to the above passages the term â€Å"if† is used five (5) times. Entry into eternal life must always be considered as conditional: â€Å"Now this is the message that we have heard from him and proclaim to you: God is light, and in him there is no darkness at all. If we say, â€Å"We have fellowship with him,† while we continue to walk in darkness, we lie and do not act in truth.But if we walk in the light as he is in the light, then we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of his Son Jesus cleanses us from all sin. If we say, â€Å"We are without sin,† we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. If we acknowledge our sins,3 he is faithful and just and will forgive our sins and cleanse us from every wrongdoing. If we say, â€Å"We have not sinned,† we make him a liar, and his word is not in us. † [1 John 1:5-10] 3. â€Å"Whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained. [John 20:23] — This authority was given by Jesus to the eleven apostles –even though only ten were present at the time– and to their validly ordained successors on Easter Sunday durin g His first visitation with them. All validly ordained priests (also known by the terms presbyters and elders) have this authority even though not materially present during this visitation. NOTE: The references in the book of Hebrews to Jesus being High Priest should be seen as a clear statement that there were other priests serving under His authority. (Priests can only be ordained by someone with demonstratable authority from God to ordain.They can never be elected or self-appointed. ) It must be understood that true love reflects the totality of goodness. Absolute goodness resides in God alone and is shared by Him with those who have sincerely sought association with Him. When one honestly seeks out God one is looking for that fullness of truth found only in God. A fullness of truth that few have any real desire to put into practice. Those who eventually reach Heaven have all truth present to them and can utilize any truth they seek, but they remain incapable of possessing at any given time the totality of truth.Goodness is dependent upon truth and truth leads to justice. Not only must one desire truth and make a sincere effort to acquire all of the spiritual truths that are available and within one's capacity to understand, but one must also be willing to put them into practice as opportunities present themselves. Without truth their can be no understanding of goodness and goodness demands service to God and neighbor according to the teachings of Jesus, Son of Man/Son of God. Justice is a cohort of goodness and has as its foundation the Word of God that is always truth.Justice is the exercise of works in the service of both positive and negative commands of God – what one must do and what one must not do to obtain eternal happiness. Good deeds are meritorious works (witnesses to faith), benefitting the Heavenly Kingdom, that are performed by those who still reside in this life. While no quantity or quality of works can substitute for the salvific ac t accomplished once by Jesus on the cross – that allowed access to Heaven to those judged worthy (Matthew 25:32), they are necessary witnesses to that love of God which is required for one to enter Heaven.Again, the mercy of God has been made obtainable only through the redemptive act of Jesus. Prior to this act no one was permitted entry into Heaven no matter how worthy they might be deemed to have been including Able, Enoch, Abraham, Joseph, Moses and many others. The ultimate mercy –redemption from the sin of Adam that caused separation from God– is received only by those who have put the fullness of God's Word (commands – direct or implicit) into practice by actions of faith. Summarization: God is love and love is shed upon those who seek knowledge of required truths that lead to the practice of justice in respect for the goodness of God.A greater appreciation of God can be obtained by meditating upon the qualities or attributes of God. Anyone who pur sues truth and practices justice is loved by God, that is, comes under the umbrella of that love which can be received from God alone. For those who do not pursue goodness, through the seeking of truth and the practice of justice, God is for them anger, hatred and wrath. To be a recipient of salvation/mercy one must sincerely develop a full love of God and pursue Him through the practice of justice that can be understood only through the acquisition of spiritual truth.One must develop a sincere interest in God, listen –accept and practice– to His word, and grow in God's love. God is love for those who love truth and practice justice and mercy –Reference the Corporal and Spiritual Works of Mercy– according to His will. This is the true meaning of the phrase, â€Å"God is love. † One should never mistake the statement, â€Å"God is Love,† to mean that God does not condemn those who do not seek His love according to His (God's) definition of lo ve while sincerely seeking His mercy.Those who ask for His mercy must be sincerely repentant, turn their lives around, and develop a humility that allows them to be of true service to the Lord through service in this life demonstrated in the form of good deeds/good works. Without the witness given by good works, any protestation that one loves God or has faith in God is meaningless. God's mercy –salvific act of redemption for people of active faith– does not benefit those who culpably profess a false position of faith or love. In effect such people are lovers of evil and servants of Satan. God is good. Goodness loves and associates with that which is good.Perfect goodness –which is the nature of God– is only able to associate with that which has been made/becomes perfectly good. Perfection is not gratuitous. Absolute perfection is necessary before one can enter the presence of God. If perfection is not achieved in this life by those not condemned to Hell, then it must be obtained through a purification process in an intermediate state of existence. In this state –referred to as Purgatory by those who accept Catholic doctrine (mandatory for Catholics)– one's attachment to any imperfections, brought about by self-will, is gradually overcome.The removal of attachment to sin –often a degree of denial relating to bad habit(s) not fully dealt with in this life– is facilitated through the application of that degree of encouragement (pain) that proves necessary over an extended period of time to make one accept the necessity of turning away from accumulated dysfunctional desires and activities that had been accepted by the spiritual mind. It should be understood that many opportunities (much encouragement) are presented while in this life to turn away from sin.Problems and sufferings in this life were meant to focus one's attention and reliance upon the stated will of God. One must learn to accept what is univers ally good instead of that which is only self-serving. In life one is given instructions and at times painful encouragement that is focused upon turning one away from sin and all attachment to it. Purgatory is for those who have only made a partial effort at turning away from association with sin. Please keep in mind that there are no free rides into Heaven, for anyone.Further, there is no simple method for gaining perfection at the conclusion of life. After years of stubbornness relating to the retention of wrong doing one should not expect to be instantly made perfect. No one is gratuitously made perfect as this would limit that quality of free will which is necessary for one to effectively share with God in eternal life to the degree deserved through meritorious actions during life. Those who are not redeemable (unrepentant grave sinners) through a process of purification are condemned to eternal suffering commonly referred to as Hell.Eternal suffering is necessary for incorrigibl e sinners. They have eternally living spirits that would be destructive to the harmony of Heaven if allowed freedom. Ceaseless pain keeps them from developing into a force that would be disruptive to those living in eternal happiness. When one fails to adhere to the commands of God –statements of His will that are either positive or negative– one is not in the love of God. Everyone wants to be able to do things their own way. They want to consider their way as the right way.This is a product of egocentrism (self-centeredness). Most are not willing to accept that God's way is the product of great wisdom known through the explicit true teachings of the one authorized and unified (under supreme but controlled papal authority) Church established by Jesus. The avenue of established truth does not often agree with one's personal preferred way. God is love, but He is also light, truth and justice. Mercy is a by product of justice and while necessary for salvation it is not gr atuitous even though Jesus' redemptive act was gratuitous.Mercy is not granted to those who do not have sincerity of repentance. Everyone must make a humble request for mercy that has been warranted as worthy of being granted through meritorious deeds. Depending upon circumstances such deeds can be either simple or complex. SUMMARY: God, being love, has the perfection of that love which is goodness. He sheds Light (knowledge) upon those who seek truth and then put the acquired truths into practice (justice – good works versus misdeeds or indifference).One who truly loves God will act in a way that demonstrates a sincere love of God. One must give God sincere worship and humble himself before Jesus. Service to Jesus is through placing into action spiritual knowledge that has been obtained. A major part of learning is focused upon love of neighbor. The simple way to accomplish this is to put into practice the Golden Rule, that is, â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. † The corporal and spiritual works of mercy are of major importance in relation to serving others in this life in the service of almighty God.

The process of teaching English as a remote language within the Arab kingdom in West Asia with focus in Jordan

Abstraction Having countless cogent evidence sing the consequences of civilization on acquisition scheme usage in manus, this survey aims to fit the acquisition scheme pick of pupils from wholly wholly different cultural backgrounds in Jordanian and jointly compared to different non English speech production states as Spanish and where English is learnt as an abroad linguistic communication in their native states. The analysis was disbursed by mistreatment the comparative descriptive analysis theoretical account and cognition were collected by agencies of the SILL signifier seven.0 touching on â€Å"Strategies Inventory of Language Learning† by Rebecca Oxford and a semi-structured interview designed by the individual of scientific discipline. the form was conducted on 100 pupils so on look into the gathered info and a spread of trials were accustomed look into the gathered info. These variable categories of pupils have shown some fluctuations in scheme usage every typically scheme groups and single ways towards larning English as a 2nd linguistic communication. The Jordanian participants use memory methods and flectional methods at following rate therefore } the Jordanians show higher usage of societal ways so on determine English. This survey tried to analysis the fluctuations in acquisition scheme pick and so the cultural grounds behind them and came up with some specific findings. Table of Contents CHAPTER ONEIntroductionThe procedure of learning English as a distant linguistic communication within the Arab land in West Asia with focal point in Jordan continues to desire the skillfulness within the educations for a variable scope of grounds that can be listed as: socio-cultural, philosophical, economic, psychological, academic and teaching method. It ‘s traveling to in hence type at this phase map a method of learning West Germanic linguistic communication at the first phase of acquisition and this brings within the effects for providers to organize extra opportunity for the scholars to detect the linguistic communication notably within talk suites and extra so outside talk suites. There have collectively been rather an scope of instances wherever faculty members of the subject have encountered issues in promoting scholars of the mark linguistic communication following instances wherever pupils do n't look to be first-class within the mark linguistic communication or instances wherever the scholars of the mark linguistic communication notice its use in and out-of-doorss the school suites awfully troublesome. Thus instruction of English within the Arab land in West Asia with major focal point in Jordan has continued to catch the oculus of assortment of research workers and collectively pupils peculiar to instances of the mark linguistic communication within the talk rooms’ things. In measure with a expression by Tavil, 2009 that has tried the demand for West Germanic linguistic communication as awfully relevant as a consequence of the mark linguistic communication delivered to scholars will ease scholars notably those at the first phase to help specific t heir sentiment, dreams and even hopes ( Tavil, 2009 ) . The foreign Language that is been deliberated on in its acquisition method is being influenced by assortment of things get downing from attitudes, aptitudes, age, intelligence, anxiousness, personalities and motive etc. ( Gardner, 1960 ; Lehmann, 2006, cited in Shams, 2008 ) . Fakaye, 2010 recognized the attitudes of scholars reciprocally of the foremost of import factors with impacts within the method of larning the linguistic communication. This analysis work as applied can take a deep scrutinize the attitudinal thought that reciprocally of the awfully major emotional factors for the derivation of success in larning the mark linguistic communication and even extra therefore the other foreign linguistic communication because the instance is besides. extra notably it takes presently extra enquiries in Jordanian college pupils at grammar school levels’ angles towards larning the mark linguistic communication with deep and extra concerns within the 3 facets of attitude i.e. , behavioural, emotional and psychological characteristic. collectively the attitudes of scholars of the foreign linguistic communication collectively provides to boot attempts in decisive the influences of students’ demographic profile in gender, age and collectively field of survey on their attitudes towards larning the mark linguistic communication. The demand of learning the mark linguistic communication has well-tried awfully of import following its socio-cultural thought.Background of surveyKara ( 2009 ) ironed on the importance of attitudes meshed towards larning that is besides beliefs and sentiments that hold apparent influence on the behaviours and accordingly on their public presentation. It’s debated that scholars of the mark linguistic communication have positive beliefs in mention to the linguistic communication hold the disposition to possess extra positive attitudes towards larning the linguistic communication. Alhmali ( 2007 ) expressed that the purpose of instruction is entirely for acquiring high classs and disbursement of exams nevertheless this goes even extra than that, we have a inclination to might unconditionally establish apprehension and originative thought of the character of the scholar and collectively the wants of taking into consideration their perceptual experiences. We can collectively foreground on the functions faculty members of the foreign linguistic communication drama in transmittal of the informations to scholars efficaciously. even saying from deep penetration, there still exists really small power on the most effectual of ways to be applied on the event of scholars of the mark linguistic communication non merely cognitively nevertheless collectively demoing emotion and behaviorally. Orafi & A ; Borg, 2009 within their analysis acknowledge the Numberss of programme that are introduced urging the employment of English in high grade as possible by pupils and faculty members in the school suites, talk suites and out-of-doorss. Gardner ( 1985 ) created abundant emphasis on the scholar ‘s attitudes towards the mark linguistic communication. He went extra in saying that learners’ behaviours meshed towards larning another linguistic communication notably the mark linguistic communication of this analysis work plays a truly of import function in progressing and actuating them to larning the mark linguistic communication which matches extra in affecting their public presentation yet.Identifying Problems in Learning EnglishI gave my pupils a trouble right from the beginning of the 2nd month of the class to reply by e-mail or on the sheet at intervals 2 yearss: What country unit the jobs you face happen out English poesy? The two-day measure was meant to allow pupils equal clip to swear the jobs they two-faced in reading poesy on a private footing, to put in composing in acceptable and clear English their ideas and constructs, either by confer withing with those that knew English beyond themselves or by confer withing linguistics books or the opposite mentions that may be utile. As for the agencies that of act with Maine, I selected the electronic mail or the blackboard, making the communicating personal to provide them larger freedom in showing their positions. the sum of participants throughout this class was one hundred and 40, and upon having their replies, I classified the jobs into several classs, viz. , linguistic communication, rhetoric, figures of address, civilization, analysis, comprehension, category ambiance, or a mix of 2 or plentifulness of these jobs. It’s necessary to aim that the immense category atmosphere aggravated the affair, as a consequence of the 60-minute talk could non offer equal clip for the engagement of such associate outsized choice.The Nature of ProblemsAbout ninetieth of the pupils found linguistic communication as a important downside that hindered their comprehension of the significances of the books they studied at school or the assigned 1s for his or her ain scrutiny. Some pupils even thought of the linguistic communication used within the books as debatable. This misinterpretation of the character of English arose, from two chief factors. the first related to their survey of Arabic at school concentrating on pre-Islamic literature that employs enunciation of Arabic words and sentences and necessitating the employment of specialised vocabularies. This crystal rectifier several pupils to see West Germanic linguistic communication in a really similar mode. The 2nd issue was the students’ restricted familiarity with land linguistic communication normally and so the literary linguistic communication specially.Purposes of the StudyThe purpose of this analysis is to conc entrate and research on the socio-cultural troubles two-faced by Jordanian pupils in West Germanic linguistic communication acquisition in primary phase and therefore the ways taken by governments and policy makers to bodily penalty the planned ways. The purposes would be done through the divergent discourse on the academic systems and policies so, so as to achieve this purpose ; this analysis are traveling to be diging into variable thoughts of academic Torahs and policies, associated collectively an analysis of relevant policy paperss.Research statementTaking an intensive scrutinize the critical causes of issues confronting English scholars in Jordan, this analysis wo n't turn out its cogency while non a constructive live and analysis of assortment of alternate causes or in some type placed beneath context and comparing with alternate states confronting same socio-cultural troubles. In therefore making would this analysis verify states extra distantly placed and United Nations bureau regard English as critical as their ain linguistic communication. so this analysis would implicitly nevertheless critically and numerically verify states as Asiatic state, Turkey, Kingdom of Spain amongst others and would what is more place them in deep differentiation and comparing with our chosen states. In hence making it might turn out the velocity at that advancement is formed within the conveyance of the Language at varied degrees, it might what is more scrutinize nevertheless efficaciously it will be same to turn and last it might seek and look its public-service corporation and acceptability. This analysis would show in an equable portion of understanding the challenges two-faced at the phase of larning the linguistic communication, the acceptability of the linguistic communication and its public-service corporation yet.Research ProblemLearning the mark linguistic communicat ion of this analysis work as a distant linguistic communication in states notably within the Arab land in West Asia with specific focal point in Jordan has tried non really easy nevertheless Numberss of analysis over clip have continued to proffer to which this processes will be achieved in such short clip and with inexpensive attempts. Further saying the instances of larning the linguistic communication with concerns of variable factors as age, sex and milieus during which the linguistic communication is been transmitted, learnt and decently understood. this can be exceeding of another factors which will turn out troublesome as a distant linguistic communication wherever sounds, alphabet and elegance of composing country unit absolutely wholly different gesture even extra quandaries. Learners of the mark linguistic communication notably those at the first phase tend to confront some kind of psychological barriers and anti-social cultural effects. All of those factors are traveling to be thought-about during this analysis work and far extra factors that might restrict the achievement of the mark linguistic communication. In alternate words, the driving purpose sought-after by this survey is that the method of stock list societal and psychological issues that may be exposed to linguistic communication scholars, and notice applicable solutions.Research QuestionsThe analysis seeks to reply the subsequent inquiries: Following our analysis on the socio-cultural challenges two-faced by Jordanian pupils, we might unconditionally put abundant dressed ore on the subsequent as listed below ; 1.The attitudes of Jordanian grammar school pupils towards larning the mark linguistic communication with dealingss to their activity, psychological characteristic and emotional positions? 2.Are there any statistically of import divergence in Jordanian grammar school students’ attitudes towards larning the mark linguistic communication by gender and what is more by age? 3.Are there any a statistically of import divergence in Jordanian grammar school students’ attitudes towards larning the mark linguistic communication by twelvemonth of survey?Research MethodologyThe methodological analysis to be adopted during this analysis are traveling to be qualitative, quantitative and supported analysis as a consequence of this analysis aims to measure the milepost of the advancement created within the hand-picked modules in Jordan. Analysis is best appropriate for this analysis as a consequence of it deals with the analysis of reforms and methods. ( Bryman 2012 ) during this instance, the reforms and policies meshed towards accomplishing an efficient academic system are traveling to be highlighted. In Bryman’s book on analysis schemes, he explains that analysis delves into indispensable questions like encompasses a policy and or reforms achieved awaited ends? so, experimental manner are traveling to be utilized in analysis to find bunch houses ad hesive and non adhesive within the policy method ( Bryman 2012, Flick 2011 ) On the opposite manus, rationalist metaphysics are traveling to be accustomed derive empirical cogent evidence on the organic structure of literature that exist during this analysis. This in measure with Bryman ( 2012 ) helps a research worker to state apart the philosophical place in analysis. The analysis may be a qualitative chiefly based as a consequence of empirical analysis and reading are traveling to be drawn from illative applied mathematics cognition, questionnaires, reviewed texts with the purpose of understanding the educational procedures in Jordan and hence the attempts towards the acceptance of English as a 2nd linguistic communication. The rule behind qualitative and quantitative analysis is to possess a comprehensive inductive and deductive read of the analysis with results gotten from thorough survey. ( Bryman 2012 ) .Datas AnalysisThis analysis intends to research paperss in enlightening constitutions so as to return up with a wide apprehension of chances and challenges that modules in Jordan could confront in understanding or learning English as a 2nd linguistic communication. Related analysis of the steps taken by the govt. Since the beginning of the linguistic communication through the analysis methodological analysis is traveling to be applicable for analysis. Therefore, taking into awareness method, it might offer in inside informations advancement within the reforms, stairss undertaken, troubles in activity accurately the advancement created, the challenges which will likely move upon or impede the authorities and accountable constitutions of Jordan from accomplishing these motivations of following English as 2nd linguistic communication. The analysis will foreground lessons to be learnt and methods for get the better ofing these challenges. In accomplishing this, Numberss of policy paperss from the academic board are traveling to be evaluated, policy paperss, past analysis work, printed texts and diaries, are traveling to be reviewed hence on acquire first-hand info on the plan. A Numberss of modules in colleges are traveling to be used as instance surveies which are able to all be reviewed with attending on the stairss and execution ways of the mark schools in accomplishing the mark linguistic communication.Restrictions of the StudyThe survey are traveling to be restricted to Jordan as this can be the instance survey that may be accustomed explore the topic. Alternate ends within the Language attachment wo n't be self-addressed as a consequence of the immense range of the ends and hence the restricted time-frame for the entry of the undertaking. On the opposite manus, buttocks to complete policy and reform paperss are besides another restriction to the survey as by and large, these could turn out debatable. so restricting this survey to entirely the troubles and restrictions of larning the foreign linguistic communication can necessarily rub this work of the advantages of deriving a deeper apprehension from alternate constituents of larning a distant linguistic communication.Organization of the StudyThis piece of labour can consist 5 ( 5 ) chapters. Chapter one is associate debut of the topic and provides a general sum-up of the subject of survey. Chapter 2 trades with the reappraisal of relevant literature. Chapter 3 is bothered with the methodological analysis applied for this instance survey. The 4th chapter presents the findings through associate analytical reading of the analysis, which specialize in the cardinal subjects that are known within the analysis. Chapter 5, that is that the ultimate chapter, brings refering t he complete thesis, docking the legion theoretical and empirical strands hence on hit the decision. Last, the decision offers an egg-shaped lineation and analysis of the findings, its recommendations, readings and collectively incorporates a treatment of the deduction of the findings for future analysis work.

Starr County Independence essays

Starr County Independence essays With the Magic Valley caught up in a race with the rest of the country in modern urban design and massed produced pop culture, is there anything left free to define the border background of South Texas? A journey through US Highway Ten leads to the western edge of the Magic, Starr County. With rough landscape and distinctive ways, Starr County is a foreign land unto itself. It begins with the land. As the Magic Valley becomes dissected into suburbs, developed into shopping malls and removed of its regional characteristics, Starr County remains rural in its expanse. The land continues farther than the eye can see. There is a plentiful fragrance of cactus, mesquite, and sagebrush that lingers in the air. The abundance is especially evident as the roads lead north into the huge brush country ranches that map the county. Along the Magic Valley, there are acres and acres of farmland, mostly untouched by the Magic Valleys expanding Americanized modernization. Because of the lack of modernization, the construction of Starr County has its own mode. There are many buildings and homes that are atypical of American contemporary design and decoration. There is more cinder block and clay laid out in rustic charm than red brick and stucco in suburban application. The houses and neighborhoods are randomly intended instead of carefully planned. The colors are vibrant shades of pinks, greens and yellows instead of neutral beiges, browns and creams. Parking lots and driveways are strewn with gravel and caliche rather than paved with concrete or asphalt. The tastes have remained traditional to the area. There are no theme-oriented restaurants like Applebees or Chilis to be found. It would be easier for people to savor a spicy bowl of menudo, seasoned fajitas or a thick brown plate of mole. Adding to the distinctive style is Starr Countys sound. As they reverberate th ...

Racism in the Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racism in the Air - Essay Example To bring change on a large scale, we not only require leaders who portray and possess quality of good, but also individuals from different cultures and races for a prejudice free society. Minimizing the racial issues government has been playing its role and has worked hard to eliminate the causes of discrimination. But it’s high time for individuals to realize of their responsibility, especially the people from media who have huge impact on the audience by their thoughtless words. Our approach has to learn the right direction to deal with such intriguing matters. Author has tried to show us how people of different cultures and sects can leave significant mark on others due to their reactive and proactive approach.In this article there are two personalities with biracial identities. Barack Obama and Hella Berry, though they have been pronounced black but they both have traces of two races. There’s an urgent need to understand the multiracial background they are coming fr om and personal experiences. In the intergroup relationship with other social categories and the class becomes evident. Though interracial marriages are common since 1967 they are commonly accepted and frequently occurred. Multiracial backgrounds represent minority group in USA.   People who have biracial identities understand the racial discrimination with better understanding.The author points out in the article that how people of the same culture outcast the   biracial personalities thus keeping a low regard for other races and culture.

Describe hazard, risk, and outrage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe hazard, risk, and outrage - Essay Example There are already several companies which offer conversion kits for any type of car using gasoline. SVO-run vehicles have almost a zero net carbon dioxide emission which is very favorable to the environment (Veg Oil Motoring, n.d.). SVO-run vehicles can run on recycled waste oil from restaurants; thus, producing an exhaust that smells like whatever food was cooked in the oil. Yes, one would consider buying this type of car in the future because aside from the savings on fuel costs, there is reduced emission. Buying this car would mean that one is contributing in his own little way to reduce the cause of global warming. The use of vegetable oil does not harm the environment and poses less risk on the health of the people unlike gasoline-powered automobiles. If one travels 20,000 miles per year and uses gasoline at $3/gallon, one will spend $1,090 per year, assuming one gets 55 miles to a gallon (Middleton, 2011). If one uses SVO which costs $0.89/gallon, one will spend $395 per year, assuming one gets 45 miles to a gallon of SVO. Therefore, total annual savings will be $695 per year or approximately 64% savings. One thinks that the reason why there a few vehicles using SVO is because of the lack of information about it. Vehicle owners do not know whether there are any hazards in converting their cars. They are wary of the risks it poses on their vehicles, if any. Most of these car owners are risk-averse. They are not willing to risk the valuable money which they spent on their cars. People are afraid that conversion of their cars from being gasoline or diesel-run to SVO might damage it. They are also concerned that their insurance companies might charge them additional premiums if they convert. Vehicle owners are worried that it might affect the warranty of their cars. The conversion kit might void the warranty. Another major concern is the question on the performance of the automobile.

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Since the transformation is taking place increasingly in most of the organisations, the role of the HR managers also tends to change. The HR managers need to be more competent in order to deal with such kind of changes. When such kind of changes tend to trigger, it becomes increasingly important to motivate the staffs and appraise the performance on a standard basis. Employee motivation and appraisal are the most significant roles of the HR managers (Jones & George, 2009). Importance of Employee Motivation and Appraisal It is a well known fact that the recruitment and selection as well as training and development components of the human resources management system explain that the employees need to have all the necessary knowledge as well as the skills in order to perform the task of the organisation. Performance appraisal tends to complement the above mentioned components of the human resource management. The term performance appraisal seeks to gauge the job performance of the emplo yees along with their input towards the organisation. It is increasingly essential to provide the feedback as well to the employees which can be comprehended as a process whereby the information related to the performance appraisal is shared by the managers with their subordinates. The process also permits the subordinates to reflect upon their performance and thus managers can work with these subordinates to plan for the future. However, the main point to keep into mind is that the performance appraisal needs to take place prior to the performance feedback. It can be mentioned that the performance appraisal can be exercised without providing any feedback to the employees, but there are certain managers who provide their valuable feedback since it assists in motivating the staffs and thus contribute to improve their performances. The performance appraisal lets the managers to effectively manage the human resources in the organisation. It assists them in comprehending the training an d development requirement of the staffs in the organisation. In addition to this, the most useful decisions relating to the bonuses pay and perks, promotion depends upon the accurate and correct appraisal of the employees. Feedback lets the good performers understand that their efforts are being valued at the organisation while on the other side it also lets the poor performers comprehend the truth that they need to progress on the determined areas so that the overall efficiency can be increased. It has been noted that most of the managers dislike providing their valuable feedback to the employees especially at times when the feedback tends to be negative. However, the managers need to remember that providing feedback can benefit the organisation to a great degree. The performance feedback needs to be provided following certain guidelines which can contribute to the employee’s motivation and the enhancement of the employee’s performance in the organisation. It would be prudent for the managers to be specific on what they like to comment and then focus on the behaviour of the employees that can be easily corrected and is within the workers ability to improve. For instance, if the managers tell the salesperson that he is being too shy when dealing with the customers, it would do

A Time to Kill Essay Example for Free

A Time to Kill Essay I want to tell you a story. Im going to ask you all to close your eyes while I tell you the story. I want you to listen to me. I want you to listen to yourselves†¦. Can you see her? Her raped, beaten, broken body soaked in their urine, soaked in their semen, soaked in her blood, left to die. Can you see her? I want you to picture that little girl. â€Å"Now imagine shes white! † (Schumacher, 1996) In the 1996 release of his film A Time to Kill, film director Joel Schumacher submits a formidable adaptation of John Grishams 1989 legal thriller novel of the same name. The film’s plot, set in the Deep South (Mississippi) involves the rape of a young black girl and the arrest of white rapists responsible and their subsequent murder by the girls father. The remainder of the film then focuses on the trial of the killer, who surprisingly chooses a young unheralded white male lawyer to defend him. At issue are several questions, to be approached and responded to from the Christian tradition. The questions are as follows: 1. Why does Carl Lee take the law into his own hands? 2. Why does Jake take Carl Lee’s case? 3. Jake indicates to Carl Lee that they are friends. Carl Lee corrects him quickly. What is Carl Lee’s rationale? Race, defensibility, access to resources 4. Explain the impact of the 2 psychologists’ testimony. 5. Explain the impact of the deputy who was shot during Carl Lee’s revenge. 6. Why is Jake’s closing argument so effective? What type of strategy is he using? 7. Why does Jake bring his family to Carl Lee’s party at the end of the movie? My summation is as follows: (1)Carl Lee decides to take up arms once he is confident that the violators of his daughter would likely walk free or receive light punitive sentences for their vicious assault. Quite frankly, while his lawyer vies to go for he insanity defense, Carl Lee informs all that he, in fact, was not insane during commission of the murders. What is clear is that, due to the racial climate, Carl Lee felt that ‘justice’ could only be served in this instance †¦ if he meted it out himself as prejudice would surely veil justice as it had many times over. â€Å"Yes, they deserved to die – and I hope they burn in hell† (Schumacher, 1996) is Carl Lee’s response when asked what would’ve been a fair sentence to those that nearly fatally assaults his daughter. (2)It is my opinion that Jake takes on the case of Carl Lee due to several factors. My first notion is that he felt as if he and Carl Lee were ‘neighbors’, as Carl Lee’s brother had previously been helped by the lawyer; not to mention that both men had daughters that were practically the same age. Moreover, while Jake was fully aware of the practical possibility of the rapists ‘getting off easy’, he realized that racial prejudice within the law was unjust. He seemed to relate to and understand Carl Lee’s plight and providing a good defense was ultimately the ‘right thing to do’. (3)While meeting his client in jail, Jake makes the naive mistake of referring to Carl Lee as a friend. Understandably so, Carl Lee takes offense to such a characterization as he reminds the counselor that he had never visited the home of this ‘so-called’ friend and also that their girls (while peers) would never have the opportunity to play together. Carl Lee goes on to dispute Jake’s naive approach to race relations in the South and informs him (Jake) that he is, in fact, ‘the enemy’. Carl Lee grabs his assessment of their relationship primarily due to his pragmatic world view. He was Black and Jake was white. More importantly to Carl Lee was that the jury, which held his life in their hands, would also be lily-white. Jake was not chosen for representation due to friendship or otherwise; but, simply because he would be in a better position to understand what would be needed to convince white people to view the world (and thus his situation and/or circumstance) differently. Carl Lee would add, â€Å"You are my secret weapon because you are one of the bad guys. You dont mean to be but you are. Its how you was raised†. (Schumacher, 1996) (4)On the witness stand, during the trial of Carl Lee, there was expert testimony from separate and distinct psychologists’. The one, a Dr. Rodeheaver, the more impressionable of the two, was an agent of the State. Dr. Rodeheaver’s testimony, while definitely stirring, seemed to shed light on civil injustices used to finance the State’s mental institutions. This testimony, which ordinarily would have been discredited, , was seemingly taken with a ‘grain of salt’ by the all-white jury who did not think outside of the black/white dichotomy. Another psychologist, presented as a ‘defense’ expert would wound up hurting his own cause as he was exposed as a drunken ‘has-been’ bearing no confidence and even less self respect. (5)While carrying out what he surely felt was ‘justice’, Carl Lee (father of the assaulted child) mistakenly shot a town deputy. This deputy, who had to undergo an amputation due to Carl Lee’s recklessness, proclaimed to the jury, the judge and the world, â€Å"I got a little girl. Somebody rapes her, hes a dead dog. Ill blow him away just like Carl Lee did†. (Schumacher, 1996) Deputy Looney goes on to command the jury to â€Å"turn him loose† regarding Carl Lee’s future. The impact of Looney’s testimony, I felt, was a breakthrough in the case as ‘finally’, it seemed that a white face (and one that was nearly killed by the gunfire) was relating to the injustice prevalent in Deep Southern courthouses. Whether proximity or empathy, Deputy Looney’s testimony certainly opened eyes in the courtroom and the viewing audience; it actually got the jury to thinking†¦. †what would I have done, IF I were Carl Lee†? (6)During the movie, Jake calls on God – in the form of human resource, as he seeks advice from his debunked mentor; a former law professor who tells him, â€Å"Your job is to find justice no matter how well she hides herself. And, struggle as he may, even at one point willing to cop a plea, Jake throws all caution to the wind (even at the cost of losing his everything) to find the truth. In his closing statement to the jury, he states, â€Å"I set out to prove a black man could receive a fair trial in the south, that we are all equal in the eyes of the law. Thats not the truth, because the eyes of the law are human eyes yours and mine and until we can see each other as equals, justice is never going to be evenhanded. It will remain nothing more than a reflection of our own prejudices, so until that day we have a duty under God to seek the truth, not with our eyes and not with our minds where fear and hate turn commonality into prejudice, but with our hearts where we dont know better. (Schumacher, 1996) As denoted in this paper’s opening quote, Jake Brigance uses the juror’s own hearts to free their souls. Having been primed by Deputy Looney, the jury (and the viewing audience) finally is able to realize their own veiled prejudices; and, it is this ‘affect’ that brings warmness to all witnessing Jake’s rhetorical deliverance. Whet her we would have done as Carl Lee did, we now could definitely ‘feel’ what he must have felt as an (excluded) individual seeking justice. (7)The last scene of the film brings the point of community to the forefront. By inducing inclusion into the hearts and minds of the all-white jury, Jake is able to obtain a ‘not guilty’ verdict. Just like in a Rocky movie, viewers were cheering the underdog on by film’s end. Naive in his approach†¦. inexperienced in matters he’d just overcome, Jake (victorious, acclaimed and relieved) sought to validate his sincerity by visiting Carl Lee’s home. As mentioned, while fully aware of the social climate (as it pertained to race), Jake had and still remained an idealist – seeing a world without racial walls. The world had showed him a different reality; yet, still, ever the dreamer, Jake was insistent. If he and Carl Lee weren’t â€Å"friends’ before, Jake saw no reason why they should not be. Moreover, according to Jake – his diluted view of race relations may have been needed to be updated – but the idealistic nature of his being (a color equal world) would need to exhibit what he envisioned. Carl Lee had once told him that their daughters would never play together. I smile as I type that †¦ Jake realized that he (as a white) would need to extend the olive branch to address the racial situation from the top-down, as opposed to the bottom-up angle he once believed. And finally, Chapter 5, Building Community (Windley-Daoust, 2008) articulates the importance of ‘community’ as a human survival tool. Specifically, it addresses Jesus’ idea of whom and/or what constitutes a ‘neighbor’ as it is mentioned that we ought to love our neighbor as ourselves. Neighbor, as it meant in the Gospel, simply means ‘all’. The subject of exclusion versus inclusion (in the sense of community) is discussed at depth within the chapter †¦ and, it is to that end that I address the question presented within the text. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Who is excluded from a community to which you belong? Why are they excluded? How does their exclusion hurt them? How does it hurt the whole community? † (Windley-Daoust, 2008, p. 151) I actually had a struggle with answering this question because (initially) I took the inquiry personally. Having virtually no prejudices to mention, I couldn’t figure out how to answer succinctly; but after thought, the question doesn’t address me or my outlook but rather that of my community. That being said – the most ‘excluded’ of my community would have to be those that are addicted to crack cocaine. Strangely enough, those that distribute the highly-addictive substance within and throughout my community are lauded and placed on economic pedestals while those that actually use the peddled product are oft-times ostracized and detested as ‘less than’. I would suppose such an attitude is employed due to the personal (proximal) damage done by the users (i. e. , thievery, child mistreatment, uncleaniness) which cause such an position against all; yet, â€Å"the way we treat others is based on the way we view them† as elucidated in our text. Windley-Daoust, 2008, p. 151) What is lost in stereotyping ‘crack heads’ within the community is the danger of ‘pigeon-holing’ an entire segment of the population, thus depriving them and ourselves of the God-given gifts and talents that they possess. Moreover, it is not uncommon to hear people say that â€Å"once a crack head, always a crack head†; which many times will compel an individual to believe that they have little or value to add to such a huge human existence. With education and understanding (and prayer), hopefully, the community ‘at large’ will come to realize that addiction is a disease and that drug use is merely a symptom of a much larger societal ill. And, as long as ‘exclusion’ on any level exists, we (as a collective) will always fall short of reaching our human potential in the eyes of God.

To What Extent Were Gorbachevs Reforms A Failure Politics Essay

To What Extent Were Gorbachevs Reforms A Failure Politics Essay The second half of the 1980s was marked as the fundamental change in the Soviet era. The era of reconstruction, Perestroika had gone into history, with the main purpose of introducing the new Soviet Union, which was the creation of the legal social state and democratisation of a new country. It is considered the most dramatic event in political economy to happen since the Great Depression of the 1930s  [1]   The research question: To what extent could the political and socio-economic consequences of Gorbachevs reforms be considered a failure? adopts a critical and evaluative approach of the Soviet reforms such as, perestroika, new political thinking and glasnost, during the mid 1980s, assessing negative as well as positive consequences of the reform. This investigation explores the question of whether the socio-economic and political changes caused by Gorbachevs reforms can be either justified as a complete failure, contributing to decline in socio-economic development and political factors, or on the other side viewed as a successful policy, that brought freedom to East Europe. For answering the question it is essential to examine the political and socio-economic conditions and address the necessity of such changes that was caused by a profound crisis in the of the Soviet-Union pre-Gorbachev era prevailing in late 1970s. Regardless of the conclusion, this topic will remain under controversy causing different judgments among the historians, as an Emeritus Professor of politics at Oxford University said: The extent to which he [Gorbachev] is regarded a success or a failure will long remain a matter of controversy. There seems no doubt, though, that both in Russia and outside he will be regarded as a figure of decisive importance, regardless of whether his activities are viewed positively or highly negatively.  [2]   During the investigation a wide range of sources was used, representing polar opposite perspectives of the West and the East, from both the time of Perestroika and in hindsight. The sources used can be separated into three groups. The first group were those who believed that the initiative and perseverance of Mikhail Gorbachevs reforms made the first step to ensure the transformation of the country to a civilised state of the Western world. The second group- evaluates Gorbachevs reforms more negatively, believing that his imperialistic policy has led to serious irreversible consequences of the country. Finally, the third group includes political scientists and economists like Marshall I. Goldman and who combine their studies in both approaches, considering both positive and negative aspects of Perestroika. Therefore, the essay will be divided into Political and Socio-Economic reforms of Perestroika during 1985 and 1991 according to these identified groups. 2. Conditions in the Soviet Union prior to Perestroika The necessity of Perestroika and such radical changes were caused by the profound crisis of the Soviet system that were formed in the late 70s including the fall of Soviet authority in the eyes of public opinion in the Soviet Russian and in the Eastern Europe, a so-called socialist camp, where new democratic ideas were forming and demanding more human and political rights, as well as a rejection of the totalitarian regime. Therefore, for Mikhail Gorbachev, his reforms were seen as the best solution to the urgent political and socio-economic problems, which were aimed to strengthen and develop the Soviet Union. Furthermore, he was not anticipating that Perestroika would lead to a complete collapse of the system and USSR. a) Political Between 1980 and 1984, the changes in leadership have had a great impact on destabilising the government. Moreover, USA USSR relations were getting worse every day. After the Yalta Conference and Churchills Iron Curtain speech all contributed to the growing fear of the Soviet Union  [3]  and the beginning of the Cold War. The rivalry of two sides, has increased the military budget of the country, while not helping its economy. Additionally, in the mid 1980s, the Soviet Union was demonstrating its military might in the Afghan war that has also turned against it.  [4]   b) Socio-Economic Prior to perestroika, the Soviet economy was marked by the extensive economic growth in the late 1960s that began to pull to the economical development backwards. In the consequent 20 years USSR has experienced a rapid decline in growth of industry from 8.5% to 3.5%. There was also a problematic situation in consumers market which was also linked to the drop of oil prices. According to the economists, the prices of raw materials were comparatively cheap to other products, which caused inefficient and wasteful usage of these raw materials.  [5]  Between 1970 and 1980 USSR has earned 170 billion US dollars from the petroleum export. However, again, this money was invested into the military expansion and purchase of new machinery which was inefficiently used and did not enrich the country in the long run.  [6]   The agricultural situation in the Soviet Union was also rather complex. The money earned from petroleum exports was used for food imports, instead of introducing new efficient agricultural reforms substituting the old collective system. The economic problems reflected on production in both agrarian and industrial sectors of the country. The harvest fell from 237 million tons from 1978 to 158 million tons in 1981, depicting a very radical change. Similarly, the production of steel fell from 151 million in the 1978 to 147 million in 1982, which is particularly surprising as it always has been constant apart from the World War II period.  [7]   The economic and political constraints in the country such as economic stagnation and corruption, contributed to the rapid decline in the social sphere. Budgets proportion that went to people was not simply enough. This has lead to various social problems such as low standards of living, health care and high levels of alcoholism. These three main factors have affected the ideological and moral values of the people in the country causing demoralisation of the society. That also affected the quality and efficiency of work, such as poor working habits and incentives. As a result, in the early 80s the income per capita has decreased three fold compared to mid 60s. Additionally, there were issues with income distribution, resulting in high inequality between the lower and higher classes. This, of course, all went against the communist ideology. People were deprived of the civil rights and as a result various dissident movements broke in USSR and Eastern Europe. 3. Analysis of Political Reforms a) Glasnost Glasnost was the main political reform introduced in 1986 by Gorbachev. After 50 years of silence and fear the society was finally allowed to speak and express its opinions. With the policy of Glasnost, which Gorbachev has referred to as the other side of the Perestroikas coin, the system became less strict in many aspects of the society. This has included media, reduction in censorship and freedom of speech, opening up USSR to the rest of the world. Only in the year 1986 more than 14 million new newspapers were printed. After Olympic boycotts, the 1986 Goodwill games were seen live from both sides of the Iron Curtain. In the period of two years Gorbachev has made the fear disappear, bringing pop-culture to the USSR, creating a new breed of young people.  [8]   The policy of glasnost was responsible for drastically changing the spiritual life for people. The government ceased prosecution of many key figures that were exiled under Stalins rule, like Andrei Sakharov, who was in  internal exile for seven years.  [9]  Gorbachev said that they need glasnost in order to ensure fulfillment of tasks of the Party Congress  [10]  or in other words Perestroika was used as the base for his reforms. Primarily it was aimed to criticise and expose the corrupt leadership and was an instrument to improve political activity. In his speech to the January 1987 CC Plenum, Gorbachev has said: there can  be no person beyond criticism or people with no right to criticise.  [11]   b) Intellectual Elite Natan Edelman, a well-known historian, wrote in 1989: that the intellectuals support for Perestroika  is virtually unanimous.  [12]  All the great minds that were deprived during the Soviet Regime, has benefited from Gorbachevs reforms. Gorbachevs reforms have assured intellectuals of the right to free speech, unprecedented artistic freedom, wide access to the mass media, and a chance to be elected to the Soviet legislature and to serve in government.  [13]  These were the kind of thinkers who were essential for countrys future growth. c) Democratisation With the reform of Perestroika a general democratisation of life began in the country. Gorbachev publicly stated that Democratisation will not weaken our society but on the contrary, it will strengthen it.  [14]  Even though many were against the political reforms, the supreme Council has adopted two new laws changing and altering the Constitution of the USSR, and introducing voting system for peoples deputies. The final stage of the political reform which was the Congress of public Deputies of the USSR, has elected Gorbachev as the president of the USSR. Despite the numerous mistakes in the reforms, this was still a significant step towards liberation from the previous one-party system. d) US-Soviet Relations The slogan of the new political thinking, was a big change for the USSR and the world. The main idea of the concept was that any military conflict, is wrong. During the 1987 Washington Summit meeting between leaders of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev and the U.S. President Ronald Reagan, a disarmament treaty was finally agreed and signed.  [15]  Gorbachevs new thinking and non-aggressive policy improved the US-Soviet relations as well as the international situation in general. Weapons of mass destruction were reduced by 2000 warheads. USSR has refused to further confront the West and wished for an end of the Cold War, for which Gorbachev received a Nobel Prize. This breakthrough has not only brought relief to the American-Soviet tensions, but has also allowed Gorbachev to cut the military budget that was essential to reduce the inflationary pressure and improve the living standards.  [16]   e) Afghan War and The Brezhnev Doctrine During 27th Party Congress in February/March 1986 after confirming the Brezhnev Doctrine,  [17]  the failed operation in maintaining Afghanistan gave Gorbachev no other choice in than to abandon the Doctrine and follow the policy of Perestroika. By 1989 Gorbachev withdrew almost all combat personnel from Afghanistan.  [18]   After the free elections in Poland which were marked by Communist Partys defeat by Solidarity in 1989, Gorbachev has renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine.  [19]  His speech at the UN on Dec. 7, 1989 represents the abandonment of communism from the Eastern Europe. In the next two years, their  numerical strength will be reduced by 500,000 persons, and the volume  of conventional arms will also be cut considerably. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]. By agreement with our allies in the  Warsaw Pact, we have made the decision to withdraw six tank divisions  from the GDR, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, and to disband them by 1991.  [20]   f) Conclusion of political reforms The results of Perestroika in terms of foreign policy and political freedom cannot be considered a failure. Due to the policy of glasnost, the media and formation of independent press could now criticise anyone they wanted. People were finally free to speak. Perestroika was a big step towards liberalism with multyparty system and elections.  [21]   Now, almost 20 years after Perestroika, Gorbachev himself, who has lost the political power to Yeltsin after Perestroika, does not regret his actions and marks the results of his reforms as success . Gorbachev claims: it was such a success as it launched the democratic process in the Soviet Union. After the break-up of  USSR, Russia today is continuing to develop the market economy as well as pluralism in several domains such as politics, ideologies, religion, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [22]   Collapse of the Soviet totalitarian empire and the formation of the 15 new states, some of which later became the members of NATO and a part of new Europe; destruction of the socialist camp and the Warsaw Pact with democratic changes in the political system can all be seen as examples of positive sides of Gorbachevs reform. It also had a further positive effect on economic reforms, that in the long-run has resulted in growth in Eastern Europe and Russia. Moreover, according to Gorbachev, another positive side was that they have managed to avoid a real bloodbath  [23]  in achieving these changes. On contrary, the radical changes were not welcomed by most of the older generation Soviet party members. They believed that the perfect Soviet regime has started to lose its totalitarian control and its isolationist character. For example, the control over media that resulted in a weaker censorship, has then opened many negative aspects of USSR that has been previously presented to be flawless. Gen. Valentin Varennikov, Chief of Soviet Ground Forces has stated that the social and military situation of the country was becoming worse  [24]  and Nina Anderyeva, a historian, saw the younger generations negative attitude towards the Soviet past as a moral degradation and a negative result of Glasnost.  [25]  The society has started to hear the problems in the Soviet Union such as poor living conditions, alcoholism etc. The nationalistic feeling and the strive to independence from the East European countries has increased. Many ethical problems which were previously sealed, have now opened into various riots, demanding for greater independence and stabilisation of the economy. 4. Analysis of Socio-economic Reforms a) Economic reforms The crisis in the economic development was a significant reason for the Soviet leadership in changing the structure of the economy. In July 1987, the  Supreme Soviet  has passed the Law on State Enterprise. It was seen as the key in conversion to a market economy  [26]  . The core of reform included the abandonment of the old planned economy and transition of the decision-making from state to private businesses. This has resulted in abolition of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and the GKES, which were involved in foreign economic operations before.  [27]   However, the initial process of privatisation was much slower than planned. A small number of vendors was the main reason for high prices on the market, and the prices of goods in cooperatives were always higher than the prices in state stores. By 1989, only after one year of Perestroikas inception there were 133,000 private ownerships. However, in comparison to Chinas ten million private enterprises in 1980,  [28]  it is only demonstrating the Soviet delay in the privatisation. Due to mistakes in reforms and social elements in the system, the transformation of the Soviet planned system into a free market economy has failed. The third economic change, was the Venture Law, that went into effect in June 1987 after Gorbachev and his leadership have decided to open the doors of the Soviet market to foreign firms. This was completely against the Marxist ideology and was viewed as an economic and political espionage by the Soviet party members, fearing that the capitalists would gain control over the Soviet market, exploiting their workers as well as stealing their ideas.  [29]  However, it was more the Soviet government and the newly bred mafia that took advantage of this, rather than the foreign companies which instead have brought advances to the Russian market. b) Agricultural reforms A similar situation was in the agrarian sector. In May 1, 1987 Gorbachev has authorised the establishment of individual farming and has introduced decollectivisation. However, again, this process was very slow. By 1990 there were only 20  000 private farms in the Soviet Union, from that only 240 were registered in Russia and only 4 in Ukraine!  [30]  Many who did set up the private farms were subject to attacks and were classified as kulaks. In contrast, to compare with contemporary dynamics, the Chinese process of decollectivisation went at a much faster pace. By 1980 in China all farms were decollectivised.  [31]   c) Anti-alcohol campaign Perestroika has also introduced socio-economic reforms to tackle serious problems like alcoholism that also affected the economical growth. Gorbachevs anti-alcohol campaign was aimed to decrease the consumption of alcohol, improve health and increase the efficiency of the work force and production. However, the anti-alcohol campaign had a rather negative impact on the Soviet economy. As this was a great hit for the state monopolies, including the disappearance of vineyards in Georgia and other republics. It has decreased the tax income by 13% and was said to cost the Soviet Union 200 billion Rubles. It did not stop people from drinking, instead the policy encouraged black markets and increased the production of moonshine,  [32]  that were usually low-quality and harmful for health. Additionally, it had a side effect on the consumption of sugar as home-made vodka required large quantities of sugar for production. The increase in consumption was 10 kilograms per capita in only 5 ye ars, effecting the market and the prices. Both sugar shortage and the reduction in imports of consumer goods combined with inflation caused a buyers panic.  [33]  Moreover, the situation got worse as not only sugar disappeared from the markets but normal goods from sugar to furniture. As a result consumer behavior was to buy as many goods as possible to avoid future shortages, spending hours in queues for nearly everything.  [34]  . d) Conclusion of socio-economic reforms During the years of Perestroika nothing significant was actually done to reform the economic methods. There were many laws adopted that allowed small businesses and private corporations, however, none had any fundamental effect on the principles of the Soviet economy. The political reforms have lead to governments losing of control over the national economy that they had planned out for many years. Gorbachevs indecisiveness in his reforms might explain the fact that he did not know what he was doing. A rapid decline in production has resulted in 20% decline in national income. The consumption of new machinery and lower tax revenues contributed to a rapid increase of the budget deficit. Table 1 shows the estimate budget deficit of the country between 1978 and 1990. CIA states that in 10 years the deficit had increased from 16 billion rubles to 68 billion rubles and later on increased even further reaching three digit values. Although different sources have different values and estimations, it is a fact that the situation catastrophically affected the people. As a result, to decrease the deficit more money was printed which has additionally increased the inflation. As Gorbachev has stated in his speech in the 1990 We have lost control over the financial situation in the country. By late 1990 the inflationary prices of goods were increasing at a 20% rate per annum and few years later this value has increased to 70%.  [35]  There were shortages of various consumer goods and a rat ioning system was introduced. This resulted in a drop of living standards, the Soviet Union fell to 82nd place in the world in terms of living standards. Another problem that has elevated during the economical crisis, was a serious debt as the expenditures were 20-30 % higher than the income (GDP)  [36]  . The debt of the Soviet Union was estimated to be about 60 billion dollars. The Soviet Union had to sell its gold reserves to purchase the foreign currency. This is a very bright illustration that Perestroika has not only failed to improve the old system, instead it disturbed the old system and further deteriorated the situation. 5. Conclusion According to the existing evidence, it is clear that Perestroika has suffered a defeat in the form it was originally conceived  [37]  from a socio-economic side and failed in achieving its main aims in improving the economic situation, instead had rather negative results and consequences. Gorbachevs reconstruction has weakend the social and economic conditions in the country. A further phrase by Aleksandr Zaychenko further proves this statement: Russians today [in 1989] eat worse than did Russians in 1913 under the Czars.  [38]   Even though elimination of the state monopoly in foreign trade was a positive sign in transformation to the market economy, as foreign corporations were able to show the Soviet system new and more advanced ways of doing business. This was a sign that He [Gorbachev] knew where he wanted to end up, with a more productive, consumer-oriented economy, but he did not know how to get there.  [39]  Between 1985 and 1991, ten new economic reforms have been introduced, and not a single one was ever implemented  [40]  no one went down that road before. As a result this half-measure in the economy has lead to an economic crisis. After the reconstruction of the old approaches to the economy there were no new methods that would replace the old ways, the Soviet economy was stuck in the middle between the planned and private economies, which are considered as an economic failure. As stated by Marshall I. Goldman, an expert on the Soviet economy, his book Went Wrong with Perestroika, clearly shows the fundamental problems in socio-economic sphere that were formed as result of Gorbachevs indecisive maneuvers and highlights their contribution to result in a total failure and the collapse of the whole system. On equilibrium, however, political factors seem to be more successful. Reforms like: Glasnost and New Political Thinking, played a crucial role in improving the U.S.-Soviet relations breaking the tensions and diminishing the possibility of a military conflict between the two military blocks, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, as well as finally opening the iron curtain and breaking the Berlin wall. Additionally, Mikhail Gorbachevs new thinkingduring Perestroika was the key in ending the Cold War. After 5 decades of hostilities, In the last few years, throughout the world  people were able to heave a sigh of relief, thanks to the changes for  the better in the substance and atmosphere of the relations between  Moscow and Washington.  [41]  Additionally, after three decades of confrontation USSR became friends with China. This all was doubtlessly one of Gorbachevs successful achievements of his reforms. People take Gorbachev as a hero, others accuse him of causing a disaster  [42]  . Similarly Perestroika is considered as a failure because it has given way to the totalitarian control of the country and, on the other side, can be considered a success for giving freedom to people. Peoples conclusions are linked to their understanding of things.  [43]  These understandings will change with time and therefore change their whole idea towards the event. 7. Bibliography Books Charles Bukowski, and J. Richard Walsh, eds.,  Glasnost, Perestroika, and the Socialist Community  (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1990) Peter J. Boettke,  Why Perestroika Failed: The Politics and Economics of Socialist Transformation  (New York: Routledge, 1993) Mikhail S. Gorbachev, 39 Address at the Forty-Third Un General Assembly Session, December 7, 1988,  The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse, ed. Alexander Dallin andGail W. Lapidus (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995) Marshall I. Goldman,  What Went Wrong with Perestroika  (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992) Ronald E. Powaski,  The Cold War The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917-1991,   (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998) Dmitri N. Shalin, ed.,  Russian Culture at the Crossroads: Paradoxes of Postcommunist Consciousness  (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996) Joanne Wright, 3: The End of the Cold War: The Brezhnev Doctrine,  Why the Cold War Ended: A Range of Interpretations, ed. Ralph Summy andMichael E. Salla (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995) William E. Watson,  The Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union  (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998) Thomas C. Owen,  Russian Corporate Capitalism from Peter the Great to Perestroika  (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995) Hunt, Lynn: The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. (Bedford/St. Martins, Boston and London, 2009) Magazine Peter Hylarides, Mikhail Gorbachev and Perestroika,  Contemporary ReviewAutumn 2008,  Questia, Web, 1 Jan. 2011. Journal Vanden Heuvel, Perestroika and After: Comrade Ligachev Tells His Side,  The Nation  2 Dec. 1991,  Questia, Web, 1 Jan. 2011. Websites Structural Reforms, 1986 to Mid-1988 http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-12788.html Communist Party of the Soviet Union. CENTRAL COMMITTEE. MINUTES Of Meeting No. 2 of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU September 20, 1990, http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/soviet.exhibit/o2gorby.html Mikhail Gorbachev, former USSR President  :Perestroika won, but politically I lost. Euronews Inerview 05/11/09 17:31 CET http://www.euronews.net/2009/11/05/mikhail-gorbachev-former-ussr-president-perestroika-won-but-politically-i-lost/ 1985: Anti- Alcohol Campaign http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subjectSubjectID=1985drylawYear=1985navi=byYear 1987 | Nuclear Disarmament http://www.austria1989.org/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=66Itemid=96 1988 | Gorbachev Ends the Cold War http://www.austria1989.org/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=67Itemid=97 Video Gorbachev, Glasnost, Perestroika, Arms Agreement , http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=595W4JJHa2U